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The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on November 5, 1556, between the forces of Hemu, the Hindu ruler of north India from Delhi, and the army of Akbar. It was a decisive victory for Akbar's generals Khan Zaman I and Bairam Khan. ==Background== On January 24, 1556, the Mughal Emperor Humayun died in Delhi and was succeeded by his son, Akbar. Akbar was only thirteen years old. On February 14, 1556, Akbar was enthroned at Kalanaur, in Punjab. At this time, Mughal rule was confined to Kabul, Kandahar, parts of the Delhi region and Punjab. Akbar had been campaigning at Kabul with his guardian, Bairam Khan. Hemu had become the ruler of North India after he defeated Akbar's army in the Battle of Delhi in 1556. Earlier Hemu had acted as Prime Minister-cum-Chief of Army of Afghan ruler Adil Shah. He was a Hindu from Rewari in present day Haryana. Hemu had won 22 battles as Prime Minister-cum-Chief of Army during 1553-1556, from Punjab to Bengal. At the time of Humayun's death in January 1556, Hemu had just quelled a rebellion in Bengal, killing the Bengal ruler Muhammad Shah in the war. When he heard of Humayun's death, he told his commanders he would seize the Delhi throne for himself. He then launched an open rebellion, winning battles throughout northern India. When he attacked Agra, the commander of Akbar's forces there fled without fighting. Hemu gained control of Etawah, Kalpi, and Agra provinces, comprising present day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. At Gwalior, Hemu consolidated his army by recruiting more Hindus. Hemu defeated the Mughal army on 6 October in the Battle of Delhi (near Tughlaqabad). Around 3,000 Mughals were killed, and Mughal commander Tardi Beg fled with the survivors, leaving Delhi to Hemu. The next day, Hemu was crowned at Purana Qila fortress, re-establishing Hindu rule in north India, after 350 years of Muslim rule. According to Abul Fazl in ''Akbarnama'', Hemu was preparing for an attack on Kabul and made several changes in his army. The fall of Delhi and Agra to Hemu and the defeat of the Mughal commander Tardi Beg Khan disturbed the Mughals at Kalanaur. Many Mughal generals advised Akbar to retreat to Kabul, rather than challenge Hemu larger forces. but Bairam Khan decided in favor of war. Akbar's army marched towards Delhi. On November 5, the armies met at the historic battlefield of Panipat, where, thirty years earlier, Akbar's grandfather Babur had defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat. H. G. Keene writes; "Akbar and his guardian Bairam Khan did not participate in the battle and were stationed 5 Koss (8 miles) away from the war zone. Bairam Khan did not permit the 13-year-old child King to be present on the battlefield in person. Instead he was provided with a special guard of 5,000 well trained and most faithful troops and was stationed at a safe distance far behind the battle lines. He was instructed by Bairam Khan to flee towards Kabul for life in case the Mughal Army was routed in the battlefield."〔Keene, H. G. ''A Sketch of the History of Hindustan: From the First Muslim Conquest to Fall of the Mughal Empire'' (Indian Edition) (1972), page 87.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Second Battle of Panipat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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